Should Gun Ownership Be Banned?

Should Gun Ownership Be Banned?Gun is a machine which consists of a metal tube from a garden rocket which is fired at high velocity into a flat projectile. There be many different types of grinders such as rifles, snap taws, and hand grease-guns.1.2 The habits of gun willpowerThe destination of the United States cultivates an attitude toward compositions and a right of the armed citizens. They believe that the gun is used for survival. The entertainment drama and movies in the States have shown that the gun acts as an instrument to promote personal fairness among mint. Many authorities claim that handguns are involved in the violence issues in the United States because handguns are comfortably available and they function as an instrument to commit self-annihilation or a umbrage at any time without much effort.1.3 Gun laws in the United StatesThere are several gun laws present in the United States1.3. 1 State and local gun control1.3.1.1 Concealed weapon lawsAbout seven s tates in US prohibit concealed weapons and it requiresindividual to show a need prior to obtain a permission to hunt aconcealed piece of musics. The private sale to minor has been regulated.1.3.1.2 Federal law,Minors underage18 are out(p) from owning guns and minorunder age 21 are prohibited from purchasing any gun from dealers.1.3.1.3 One handgun a month lawsIt limits legal purchases of handguns once a month per buyer. The majority of states have a pre-emption law which prohibits local authorities from passing local gun control ordinances, crediting to a dramatic reduction in violent crime. (n.d 2009)1.3.2 PossessionAmericans underage 18 whitethorn own a firearm only if they have a valid hunters safety certificate and are overage 14, or are administrate under a parent or guardian or an other person authorized by the parent or guardian. Americans below 18 may as well posse any legal firearm while hunting with a valid pass, participating in lawful target shooting or organized competition, attending a hunter safety or firearms training course, or are traveling to or from such activity with an unloaded and ungetatable firearm. Any person who is not a citizen of the United States to carry or possess any firearm, without first obtaining an alien firearm license which is valid for 5 years from the director of licensing is a serious crime.1.3.3 CarryA person shall not carry a pistol concealed on his own without a permit license but he may carry concealed without a license in his address of abode or fixed place of business. American are not allowed to carry or place a loaded handgun in any vehicle unless he has a license to permit him to do so, or the person with the concealed carrying license is in the vehicle at all times that the handgun is there, or the person with that license is a elbow room from the vehicle and the handgun is locked within the vehicle and concealed from view from outside the vehicle. American above 18 years old who possesses an unload ed handgun shall not leave it in a vehicle unless it is locked within the vehicle and concealed from view from outside the vehicle.(Mantaldo n.d)It is unlawful for an Americans to possess on public, private elementary, subsidiary school buildings, school-provided transportation, and areas of facilities while being used exclusively by public or private schools any firearm which propel a pellet or other projectile by the discharge of compressed air, carbon dioxide or other gases. It is law disobeys to carry, transport, convey, possess or control in or on a motor vehicle a shotgun or rifle containing shells or cartridges in the magazine or chamber, or a muzzle-loading firearm loaded and capped or primed.1.3.4 MiscellaneousIt is unlawful to alter, remove, or obliterate the name of the maker, model, manufacturers number, or other mark of identification on any firearm which creates a legal presumption that the possessor committed the offense. It is illegal to carry, display or draw any f irearm in such a way as to manifest intent to intimidate another as it does not apply to persons who instances of self-defense or acting in furtherance of ones official duties. (n.d 2009)2.0 The benefits of gun ownershipThere are a lot of purposes for owning guns in the United States.2.1 Provides effective self-defenseFor those people who own guns, they can cling to themselves. They can also defend their friends and families from violent crimes. The police cannot protect the public and the belongings of everyone at the same time so the United States citizens have their own responsibility to protect our property. (Phil 2006). Guns protect the victims during attacks. For instance, an individual can defend himself with a gun when he encounters a rapist, a robber, or a mugger. (Torr 2002). The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) generally believes that if more law-abiding citizens are armed, they would be better prepared to stop criminals from committing murders and other viole nt crimes.(n.d 2009)2.1.1 For weaker sex or handicapped victimsFor example, women are unremarkably physically weaker than men .A woman carrying a gun has greater effect on the crime than a man. This phenomenon will lower the rate of murder for women by 3-4 times. (Kim 2006). A 2003 bring from the USA shows that having a gun in the nursing hearth increased the overall risk of someone in the household being bump off by 41% whereas for women in particular the risk was nearly tripled. Women think having a gun in the lieu makes them safer to live there a extensive majority of men think just the opposite.A handicapped person who is not very smooth in his movement might face a boastful threaten when he encounters an armed criminal. Owning a gun can help to ensure his safety.2.2 Reduce gun violencePersonalized guns are created by equip the normal gun with some specific safety features which allow the adult owners to use them only. Such guns help to lower the rate of incidents such as homicide, looting, suicide and accidental death from occurring in the real world. Personalized guns can sicken the injuries or the accidental death of the victims of unintentional and wrong gun usage. These guns also reduce gun violence are stolen and used by criminals to commit crimes. (Egendorf 2005)The law-abiding citizens cannot protect their own property and their lives. A woman who always goes back home late and passes through any gang-infested housing project. She needs a handgun so that she will be in safer condition and will not be a victim of the robbed and violated. (Kim 2006)2.3 Protects the country from being invadedCountries where gun ownership is prevalent are also far less likely to be successfully invaded. No invader will want to invade a country where virtually every America citizen already has the means to fight back against them.2.4 Protects people from the authoritiesGun ownership is not simply a means for protecting oneself from those who may pose a danger within our society, but also a means of protection from the government, which as noted, can sometimes be pretty malevolent. Our right to bear arms is part of what keeps us free. With a gun in hand, the government dares not to violate peoples civil rights, enter peoples homes randomly and place political dissidents in prison camps. (Mccracken n.d )2.5 Protects ones family and propertyHaving a gun in the home can greatly increase the chances of survival because if someone is trying to break in ones house and he is the only one in the house at that particular time, he might as well use the gun he owned to protect his property. With the present of at to the lowest degree one gun in each family, this may help to ensure the safety of each of the family members. Half of the people who have been interviewed think that having a gun in the home makes it safer for the people who live there versus about one-third who feel the opposite way.2.6 Unites CitizensPolice cannot be everywhere simulta neously, and have no duty to protect everyone. fortify citizens can help to decrease the number of violent crimes committed by cooperating with the police which actually decreases the police workload. This enables the police to be more productive.3.0 Disadvantages of gun ownershipThere are several disadvantages of gun ownership.3.1 Contributes to violent crimesIn general, the higher the gun ownership in a state, the higher is the percentage of the occurrence of the homicides caused by firearms. Due to little gun control law enforcement, murder and crimes are on the rise. This is because the handguns are too easily accessible to the children, the teens and the adult and this increases the risk of gun violence towards innocent people. The gun owners can use their gun to commit suicide when they wish to. The robbers use the gun to get involved in robbery cases. (Egendorf 2005).Torr (2002) argues that a prayer service at the Wedgwood Baptist Church in Fort Worth, Texas, a gunman who op ened fire with his handgun for killing seven people, injuring the other seven and kill himself. Within a week from February 7, 2008, the United States had seven shooting incidents happened, leading to 23 deaths and dozens of injuries. On March 27, 2008, five people in Georgia and Kentucky were shot dead (The Associated Press 2008). On the night of April 18, nine shootings were reported in a period of less than two hours in sugar (The Chicago Tribune 2008). In year 2005, 30,694 people died from gun violence which includes 12,352 people murdered 17,002 people who killed themselves 789 people killed accidentally 330 killed by police hinderance and 221 who died, with an unknown intent. While in year 2007, 69,863 people survived after gun injuries, including 48,676 people injured in an attack 4,291 people injured in a suicide attempt 15,698 people shot accidentally and 1,198 people shot in a police intervention.( n.d 2009) Some Americans are convinced that more national regulation of firearms is necessary to reduce the number of murders and injuries that are inflicted with guns and to ensure a safer, more civilized society.3.2 Decreases personal safetyHandgun Control Inc. (HCI) is an activist governing body which claims that owning a gun in home will increase the risks of accidents to occur. There are many cases show that the victims are dying in their houses because they are shot by a robber. The Usage of guns increases the risk of death and injury among people as well as creates a false sense of security. A study by Peter Hart Research shows that many parents realize the dangerous of handgun for their children but they still keep their handgun in the unsafe place. (Torr 2002) ordinary shootingThere is very common for a public shooting to be occurred anywhere and anytime. The students will feel very angry and unhappy if they are scolded or ridiculed by other students, and therefore they might shoot at people to vent their anger. The children who are unhappy wi th their teachers might shoot at the targeted teachers. agree to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.35 million high school students in 2007 were either threatened or injured with a firearm at least once in school premises (United Press International 2008). A record about 34 Chicago Public School students were killed in 2007-08. (The Chicago Tribune 2008)4.0 ConclusionGun ownership among Americans brings them lots of advantages when compared to the disadvantages. Owning gun makes Americans to be able to defend themselves from dangers but in the meanwhile it also increases the crime rate. The increasing crime rate can be overcome by the actions taken by the government which includes the regulation of the gun ownership. Gun ownership should not be verboten in USA because it brings a lot of advantages for the people who own the guns as they can use guns to protect themselves, families and property.

Free Surface Energy of Polymers

Free dig up Energy of PolymersFree come competency of polymers. Poly(itaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)sLigia Gargallo1, Claudia Aguirre2, Angel Leiva2, Deodato RadicAbstract The discharge climb null (SE) for a series of mononucleosis and diesters derived from poly(itaconic) acid, was fructifyd by wettability measurements and estimated by speculative calculations from Sugdens Parachor. For these polymers it was observed a decreaseing in the let loose come energy as the cake of the chain of the alkyl groups in monoitaconates and diisoalkylitaconates increases. However, it did not allow to get determine of the informal shape up energy comparable with experimental values, exception was for poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poly(3-chloropropyl diitaconate) where the experimental and theoretical magnetic variation was comparable. It means that the Sugden method match well for these polymers. Additionally, it was determined the superfluous mount energy for some polymer s from poly(methacrylic acid) derivatives, specifically poly(phenyl methacrylate)s (PPhMA). For these systems a decreasing in the free surface energy is observed, when a fluorine atom was introduced into the phenyl group. In general there was not a good correlational statistics between experimental values and those estimated through the theoretical calculations. The influence of polymeric charge ponderousness and topography on the determination of contact angle was studied for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s. The results show that the film ponderousness to determine contact angle must be over 254 A.1. IntroductionIn general it is very well known that due to the lack of surface mobility, the surface tension of a solid phase is too opposite to a legato phase. So that, it is not possible to measure directly the surface tension of a solid phase, as it is the case of a liquid phase. It had been used several independent approximations to estimate the surface tension on a given system surf ace solid, being the measurement of contact angle the most practical way1-11 .The surface of a solid, as well as of a liquid, has an additional free energy, but due to this lack of mobility in the surface of solids this energy is not possible to measure directly. 12 It means that the free surface energy can be estimated by wettability measurements in an indirect way, as shown in Figure 1. 13,14An approximation to estimate the surface energy of solids is found on the recital of contact angle of sesil move.Figure 1. Sesil drop over a solid surface. The arrows represent the surface energies when they are explained like forces of surface tension.From the schematic representation on Figure1, and considering the equilibrium state, the Youngs equation is obtained. This equation establishes a relationship between the contact angle and the three surface tensions (2)where is the contact angle, s is the surface energy of solid-vapor interface, sl is the surface energy solid-liquid interfac e and l the surface energy at liquid-vapor interface.The dispersion force and polar contribution to SE, d and p, respectively, can be calculated by apply the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble method. 15-17The aim of this subject field is to obtain reading about the free surface energy of several polymers with different chemical structures and mixed side chains. It was also interesting to clarify the inflence of the thickness and topography of the film in the determination of the SE of the polymeric systems studied.2. ExperimentalSynthesis and characterization of poly(diisoalkylitaconate)s, poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)sDiisoalkylitaconates were obtained by stuffy acid catalyzed esterification of itaconic acid using sulphuric acid in toluene and the corresponding acohols. 18-20Monoitaconates were obtained by reaction of itaconic acid with the respective alcohols under fairly bitter conditions according to the method described by Baker et al., 21,22 for lower monoesters.Meth acrylates were prepared by reaction of methacryloyl chloride with the appropriate alcohols in toluene solutions and N.N-dimethylaniline at reflux temperature during 24 h. Purification of the monomers was achieved by distillation under reduced pressure (0.5 mm Hg) as previously reported 23,24 for diitaconates and methacrylates. Purification of monoitaconates were achieved by repeated crystallization from toluene. The monomer structures and sinlessness were confirmed by 1H-NMR and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FT-IR). Polymerization was achieved in bulk at 340 and 350 K, depending on the monomer, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator under N2 (polymerization meter 48-60 h conversion 70%) for diitaconates, 48 h for monoitaconates yield 35% and 10-3 w/w % of AIBN in benzene solution under vacuum in the case of methacrylates (polymerization time, 48 h conversion 65%).Preparation of Polymeric films.Films of poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(diitaconate)s were prep ared by evaporation of dilute solutions (0,05 g/dL) in tetrahydrofuran (THF), over the furnish and silicon wafer plates. Poly(metacrylate)s were prepared from dilute solutions 0.05 g/dL in chloroform.Contact angle measurements Surface free energy.The total surface energies of the polymers were determined by wettability measurements with water, diiodomethane and ethyleneglycol. Polymers films were slough onto glass slides for optical microscopy and silicon wafer. The cast films were dried for 30 min at 393 K. The wettability of the polymer films was determined by contact angle measurements. Contact angles were measured using a contact angle system OCA by Dataphysics with a conventional goniometer and high performance video camera, controlled by SCA20 software. A syringe connected to a Teflon capillary of about 2 mm inner diameter was used to supply liquid into the sessile drops from above. A sessile drop of about 0.4-0.5 cm radius was used. The contact angles were measured careful ly from the left and right side of the drop and subsequently averaged. These procedures were repeated for six drops of each liquid on three new surfaces. All reading were then averaged to give an average contact angle. All experiments were performed at room temperature.Determination of polymeric film thickness by ellipsometry.Optical Assembly.The ellipsometer used has a polarizer, a compensator, the sample, an analyzer and a detector. The light source comes from He-Ne laser whose wavelength is 632.8 nm, that fall onto the sample with an angle of 60.65. The analyzer remains fixed at an angle of 24.256, and the polarizer is mechanically adjusted so that the detector does not record any signal. Silicon wafers (Silicon doped with Boron polycrystalline plates) were used as substrates. Pieces of 12 x 12 mm were used. The most important characteristic of these substrates, are the refractive ability of silicon of 3.877 + 0.019 25, 26 and the refractive index of PPhMA was 1.5706 27. Subst rates were also properly cleaned and dried, being their typical polarization angle between 43.8 and 43.9.Preparation of films of poly(phenylmethacrylate).The film of PPhMA was prepared by evaporation of the polymeric solution in chlorform over the silicon wafer. In order to get different films thickness of PPhMA, different concentration of the polymeric solutions were used. Concentrations were 0.05 g/dL, 0.10 g/dL, 0.20 g/dL, 0.30 g/dL and 0.40 g/dL.Estimation of film topography.Morphological analysis of surface films of poly(phenylmethacrylate) were done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A film of PPhMA of 94 10 thickness was prepared from a solution of 0.05 g/dL in chloroform and deposited over a silicon wafer as substrate.3. Results and Discussion.Polymers studied in this work were mono and diesters from poly(itaconic) acid, and additionally some polymers from poly(methacrylic) acid were also studied. The sixteen polymers studied are shown in scheme 1.Surface free energy w as determined by measuring stick the contact angles (CAs) of water, ethyleneglycol and diiodomethane on the polymeric surfaces. The dispersion d and polar p contributions were calculated by the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble methods. 15,16, 28,29 The results obtained by wettability measurements of polymeric systems studied are summarized in Tables 1 to 4. In the same tables are the surface energy calculated from Sudgens parachor ( =(Ps/V)4) for the same polymers.In the case of poly(diisoalkyl itaconate)s it can be seen that the number of methylene groups increases the squint chain, the calculated surface energy values decreases. This is a normal behavior because the hydrophobicity of the polymer must increase. However, it did not allow to get experimental values that present this behavior. As it is important to consider the possible errors on the determination of SE values due to the effects of the roughness and at the same time the thickness on adsorbed polymers. For this reason the fi lm thickness was studied to clarify its influence on the measurement of contact angle.Mono esters of poly(itaconic) acidDiesters of poly(itaconic) acidPoly (methacrylic) acidScheme 1In order to get films with different thickness the concentration of the solution of poly(phenylmethacrylate), PPhMA, was modified. Thicknesses and topography of the films were measured by ellipsometry on silicon wafer substrates. It was found a good elongated correlation between film thickness and polymer concentration. (Regression coefficient R=0.98955).Surface free energy of substrates used was also determined in order to obtain this information to perform appropriate comparison of the results dealing with this polymer. The film thickness determination for PPhMA was made on silicon wafer, and on a glass plate. The surface free energy values in both substrates were compared. Table 5 shows surface free energy values found for PPhMA in these substrates.Topography of the surface of PPhMA film at a thickne ss of 94 A was studied by SEM micrography. It was found that the polymer is homogenously distributed on the silicon wafer substrate, showing a surface with regular porosity. This demonstrates that PPhMA film whose thickness is 94 , the surface is not completely cover and it produces in the measurement of the contact angle non reproducible values, due to the liquid will penetrate itself inside the holes.Determination of surface free energy for PPhMA was performed at different film thickness. It was observed that for films thickness of PPhMA greater than 24513 A there is a better duplicability in the values of contact angle obtained. The SE values are shown in Table 6.4. ConclusionsPoly(monoitaconate)s with large lateral chains as poly(monodecylitaconate) and poli(monododecylitaconate), it was found that the surface free energy decreases as the length of the alkyl group increases. It allows concluding that the polymer increases its hydrophobic character, as its lateral chain increases . It is in agreement with its chemical structure. The surface free energy calculated through the Parachor parameter, for the poly(monoitaconate)s studied, decrease as the lateral chain increases its size.The estimation of surface free energy for the poly(diisoalkyl)itaconates, through Parachor, allows observing a decrease in the surface free energy for polymers, as the length of lateral chain increase that is direct relation with the experimental work done. However, this work does not allow getting surface free energy values for those polymers comparable with the experimental value. The theoretical method of Sugden was not adequate to estimate those measurements.For polymers poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poli(3-chloropropyl itaconate), the variation of experimental and theoretical surface free energy was slight. It will imply that Sugden method is well fitted for those polymers.The study of surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s shows that the introduction of a fluo rine atom at phenyl group generates a decrease in its surface free energy.For poly(phenylmetacrylate), the results showed the film thickness, needed to determinate the contact angle, need to be higher than 24513 A.The difference in the measurement of surface free energy between those experimentally determined and those estimated since Parachor, are related to the complexity of the monomeric structure. It is in all probability that the volume of each group or atomic unit would be influenced by interactions of neighbor atoms within the monomeric unit. Therefore calculations of surface free energy based on the table of structural contributions of Sugdens Parachor would not fit at the experimental values.Acknowledgements. DR and AL. thanks to Fondecyt 1120091 for parcial finantial support.References1 T. Rabockai Fsico-Qumica de Superficies, Ed. The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States Washington, D.C., Brazil, (1979).2 M. Daz Pea, M., Qumica Fsica, Vol. II, cap.25 . (1976).3 R. A. L.Jones, R. W. Richards, Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces, Ed. Cambridge University Press, U.K., (1999).4 W.A. Zisman, Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Advances in Chemistry Series American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., Volume 43, (1964).5 K. Ma, T. Chung, R. Good, Surface energy of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters and polyesteramide. J. Polym. Sci. Part B 36,(1988) 2327-2337.6 O. Driedger, AW Neumann, PJ Sell Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion. Kolloid-ZZ. Polymere, 201 (1965), p. 52J. Kolloid-Z Z Polym. 52, (1965) 201,7A.W. Neumann, R.J. Good, C.J. Hope, M.J. Sejpal, Colloid Interface Sci., Physico-chemical surface characterization of hyaluronic acid derivatives as a new affiliate of biomaterials Colloid Interface Sci. 49,(1974) 291-3028 Spelt K., Li, D. In A. W. Neumann, J. K. Spelt, Eds., Applied Surface Thermodynamics Marcel Dekker New York, pp. (1966) 239-292.9 D.K. Owens, R.C. Wendt, Estimation of the surface free energy of pol ymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1741-1747 (1969).10 C.J. Van Oss, K. Chaudhury, R. Good,. Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and Polar Interactions in Macroscopic Systems J. Chem. Rev., 88 (1988), 927-941.11. A. Kwok, A. Li, A. W. Neumann., Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate, 30/70) and the determination of solid surface tensions. J. of Polym. Sci., Part B Polymer Physics, 37,(1999) 2039-2051).12 Van Krevelen D. W., Properties of Polymers, their estimation and correlation with Chemical structure, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Chap. 8, (1976)13 L. Makkonen, On the methods to determine surface energies, Langmuir, 16, (2000) 76697672.14L. Gargallo, D. Radi, Structure/Surface energy relationships of polymers. Current Trends in Polymer science 6 (2001)121-133.15 A. Rudawska, E. Jacniacka, Analysis for determining surface free energy uncertainty by the OwenWendt method International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 29, 2009, Pages 45145716 M. J. Owen Surface tension of polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988) 89590117 D. K. Owens, R. C. Wendt. Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13, (1969) 1741-174718 J.M.G. Cowie, I.J. McEwen, J. VelikoviDynamic mechanical spectra of poly(itaconic acid esters) containing phenyl and cyclohexyl rings. Polymer , 16 (1991) 869-872.19 D. Radi, C. Dain, A. Opazo, A., L. Gargallo, Functionalized Polymers 1. poly(dichloroalkyl itaconate)s. Synthesis and Solution Properties. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 58,(1992) 209-21320D. Radi, L. Gargallo, Synthesis, Solution behavior and reactivity ratios of vinylpyrrolidone-co-monoalkylitaconate and vinylpyrrolidone-co-dialkylitaconate, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 817-82521 B.R. Baker, R.E.. Shaub, G.H. Williams, Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic Acids. Aguide to current common practice, G. Tojo, M. Fernandez Springer, J. Org. Chem., 17, (1952) 122-125.22 L. Garga llo, D. Radic, A. Len, Polymer conformation and viscometric behavior 3. Synthesis, characterization and conformational studies in poly(mono-n-octyl itaconate) Makromol. Chem. 186, (1985) 1296.23. Burtle, J. G., Turek, W.N. J. Org. Chem., 19, 1567 (1954).24. L. Gargallo, M.I. Muoz, D. Radi, Polymer conform,ation and viscometric behavior 1. Conformational musical passage in poly(benzylmethacrylate) in dilute solution Polym. Bull. 10, (1983) 264-270.25 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., Ed., David R. Lide (CRC, Boca Raton), (1999).26 Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Ed. Robert C. Weast and Melvin J. Astle (CRC, Boca Raton), (1985).27 Brandrup J., Immergut E.H. Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, Ed. John Wiley sons, New York, (1989).28L. Gargallo, D. Vargas, N. Becerra, C. Sandoval, C. Saldas, A. Leiva, D. Radi, Supramolecular structures. Organization and Surface behavior at interfaces, Macromol Symp., 278, (2009) 80-88.29C. Saldas, L. Gargallo, C. Sandoval, A. Leiva, D. Radi, J. Caballero, M Saavedra, F. Gonzlez-Nilo, Polymer 50 (2009) 2926-2932.Table 1. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(diisoalkylitaconates)sTable 2. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) andpoli(3-chloropropyl diitaconate)Table 3. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(monoitaconate)sTable 4. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(phenylmethacrylate)sTable 5. Surface free energy for substratesTable 6.Values of the surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate) at differentfilm thicknesses1

Anti-Matter :: essays research papers

Anti-Matter Introduction Ordinary matter has negatively charged electrons circling a positively charged nuclei. Anti-matter has positively charged electrons - positrons - orbiting a nuclei with a negative charge - anti-protons. Only anti-protons and positrons are able to be produced at this time, but scientists in Switzerland wealthy person begun a series of experiments which they believe will lead to the creation of the first anti-matter element -- Anti-Hydrogen. The Research Early scientists often made two mistakes about anti-matter. round thought it had a negative mass, and would thus feel staidness as a push rather than a pull. If this were so, the antiprotons negative mass/energy would cross off _or_ out the protons when they met and nothing would remain in reality, two extremely high-energy gamma photons are produced. Todays theories of the universe say that there is no such thing as a negative mass. The second and more subtle mistake is the idea that anti-water would only annihilate with ordinary water, and could safety be kept in (say) an conjure container. This is not so it is the subatomic particles that react so destructively, and their arrangement makes no difference. Scientists at CERN in Geneva are working on a subterfuge called the LEAR (low energy anti-proton ring) in an attempt to slow the velocity of the anti-protons to a billionth of their normal speeds. The slowing of the anti-protons and positrons, which normally travel at a velocity of that attached the speed of light, is neccesary so that they have a chance of meeting and combining into anti-hydrogen. The problems with research in the field of anti-matter is that when the anti-matter elements touch matter elements they annihilate each other. The sum combined mass of both elements are released in a spectacular blast of energy. Electrons and positrons come together and vanish into high-energy gamma rays (plus a veritable number of harmless neutrinos, which pass through whole plane ts without effect). Hitting ordinary matter, 1 kg of anti-matter explodes with the draw off of up to 43 million tons of trinitrotoluene - as though several thousand Hiroshima bombs were detonated at once. So how can anti-matter be stored? Space seems the only place, both for storage and for large-scale production. On Earth, gravity will sooner or later pull any anti-matter into disastrous contact with matter. Anti-matter has the opposite effect of gravity on it, the anti-matter is pushed away by the gravitational force due to its opposite nature to that of matter.

The Crucible: Insight Of Hale, Elizabeth And John :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible, a container that resists hear or the hollow at the bottom of an ore furnace. However its connotations include melting pot, in the emblematical sense, and the bearing of a cross. Elizabeth, earth-closet Proctors wife a cold, childless woman who is an upright character who cannot forgive her husbands criminal conversation until just before he died she is accused of being a witch. Rever windup Hale, a self-proclaimed expert on witchcraft at the plays end tries to save the accused. John Proctor, a trustworthy man with human failures and a hidden secret, a affair with Abigail, he is often the voice of reason in the play accused of witchcraft.I do not judge you. The magistrate that sits in your heart judges you. This is where Elizabeth suspects that John has committed adultery, but knows how good of man he is and tries to look over it. Adultery, John. This is where John tells her and she makes it sound like it is news to her even though she has known for awhile. She is t rying to have John have a good name and not be a name that everyone discards. No, sir. Here she is protecting his name but she doesnt know that John has just came out and tell that he committed lechery. She thought that she was saving him but she was actually making it worse for him.I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face. Here he is talking about if he ever encountered the Devil that he would literally kick his ass. This shows how he is a hippercrite against being a Puritan. Even though he is a religious man he still has the human character of having an evil side to himself.But I will cut off my leave before I ever reach for you again. John is talking to Abigail and how he is finished with seeing her and that he doesnt want any part of her. John goes through from being amoral to immoral and then to moral, then back to amoral at the end. Its winter in here yet. Elizabeth and John were talking about how he was working all day seeding even though he was at Salem to see what the fuss was all about. Here he shows his character toward Elizabeth by lying to her and she cant trust him. Let Rebecca go like a saint, for me it is a fraud.

Perceptions of Administrative and Academic Support Services by Student :: essays research papers

Perceptions of Students in MSA Courses Perceptions of administrative and Academic nurse Services by Students fetching Courses in the Master of attainment in Administration ProgramAbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of empirical data relating to the scholarships of students currently enrolled in courses offered in the Masters of Science in Administration (MSA) program at Saint Michaels College (SMC) in Winooski, Vermont. A watch over was designed and administered to 95 students in an driving to capture their perception of the case of academic and administrative support work available to graduate students. Specific attention was given to the areas of enrollment services, financial services, depository library services and advising. The subjects generally rated these services somewhere between average and excellent. Comments written-in by subjects provide information that can be used to improve the students understand with various MSA Program services. Perceptions of Ad ministrative and Academic Support Services by Students Taking Courses in the Master of Science in Administration Program at Saint Michaels CollegeCustomer perception surveys are a means of measuring how clients rate their experience with products or services. The result is a quantitative measure of their levels of gladness. By repeating the survey at regular intervals, it can be determined whether customers perceptions are improving or deteriorating. Based on this information, changes can be do in services and selling strategies. By later repeating the study, it can be determined how effective the changes have been in improving how a customer rates their experience.In an audience with Paul Olsen, Associate Director, Master of Science in Administration Program, we learned that the MSA program has not conducted a survey of students enrolled in the program to identify levels of satisfaction with services and programs offered. There has been one formal survey of alumni, completed in the spring of 1996 by SMC undergraduates in a inquiry Methods class (See Appendix D). This survey was conducted to gather information pertaining to overall satisfaction with the graduate program, whether the alumnis goals and objectives had been met, and demographic data on program alumni. Our team believes that a survey of students currently pickings MSA program course could provide information that would be tremendously helpful in assisting the college to assess the efficiency and quality of its services. Our operating(a) premise is that an individuals first experience with an organization has a direct impact on their long-term impressions and overall senses of connectedness. Therefore,Perceptions of Administrative and Academic Support Services by Student essays research papers Perceptions of Students in MSA Courses Perceptions of Administrative and Academic Support Services by Students Taking Courses in the Master of Science in Administration ProgramAbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of empirical data relating to the perceptions of students currently enrolled in courses offered in the Masters of Science in Administration (MSA) program at Saint Michaels College (SMC) in Winooski, Vermont. A survey was designed and administered to 95 students in an effort to capture their perception of the quality of academic and administrative support services available to graduate students. Specific attention was given to the areas of enrollment services, financial services, library services and advising. The subjects generally rated these services somewhere between average and excellent. Comments written-in by subjects provide information that can be used to improve the students experience with various MSA Program services. Perceptions of Administrative and Academic Support Services by Students Taking Courses in the Master of Science in Administration Program at Saint Michaels CollegeCustomer perception surveys are a means of measuring how customers rate their experience with products or services. The result is a quantitative measure of their levels of satisfaction. By repeating the survey at regular intervals, it can be determined whether customers perceptions are improving or deteriorating. Based on this information, changes can be made in services and marketing strategies. By later repeating the study, it can be determined how effective the changes have been in improving how a customer rates their experience.In an interview with Paul Olsen, Associate Director, Master of Science in Administration Program, we learned that the MSA program has not conducted a survey of students enrolled in the program to identify levels of satisfaction with services and programs offered. There has been one formal survey of alumni, completed in the spring of 1996 by SMC undergraduates in a Research Methods class (See Appendix D). This survey was conducted to gather information pertaining to overall satisfaction with the graduate program, whether the alumnis goals and objectives had been met, and demographic data on program alumni. Our team believes that a survey of students currently taking MSA program course could provide information that would be tremendously helpful in assisting the college to assess the efficiency and quality of its services. Our operating premise is that an individuals first experience with an organization has a direct impact on their long-term impressions and overall senses of connectedness. Therefore,

The Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay -- Joy Lu

The Search for Identity in The Joy Luck Club When Chinese immigrants enter the United States of America, it is evident from the start that they argon in a world far different than their homeland. Face to face with a dominant culture that often times acts and thinks in ways contrary to their previous lives, immigrants are on a difficult path of attempting to become an American. Chinese immigrants find themselves often caught between two worlds the old world of structured, traditional and didactic China and the new world of mobile, young and prosperous America. They nostalgically hold back back at China longing for a simpler life but look at the United States as a land of opportunity and freedom that they did not know in China. For this is why they came to America in the first place, to tolerate for their children and themselves what they could not in China. To do this, of course, they are faced with the challenge of assimilating. Learning the language, acquiring education, ownin g property, etc. are all ways to seize the American Dream. that this poses a problem for the Chinese immigrant for, in the process of assimilation, they lose some of their Chinese culture. This especially rings true for the children of Chinese immigrants the second-generation Chinese Americans. Second-generation Chinese Americans are faced with a special challenge. Their parents have endured the struggle to come to this coun... ... October 19%. 256,257. Shear, Walter. Generational Differences and the Diaspora. Critigue Spring 1993 193-199. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York A variability of Random House, Inc., 199 1. Tsai, Shan-Shan Henry. The Chinese Experience in America. Bloomington and Indianapolis Indiana University Press, 1986. Xu, Ben. Memory and the Ethnic Self. Reading Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club.Meleus. Spring 1994 3 -16. Yung, Judy. Chinese Women in America A Pictorial History. Seattle and London University of Washington Press, 1989. (several found in Gale Literary Database t)v-(http//www.galenet.com/servlet/GLD/hits?c...n=10&1=d&NA=Amy+Tan=&The+Joy+-Luck+Club)

Risk Management Essay -- Investment Business Risk

What is risk of infection?Simply put, risk is uncertainty. The more risk you take, the more you stand to lose or gain. You can non expect high returns without victorious substantial risks. Tossing a dice, is at basic level a risky endeavor. The outcomes be thrown open to uncertainty. You take risk everytime you act, from crossing the street to buy a stock. Generally when people talk about risk, they focus on financial risk. In terms of finance, it is the risk that a company or private could lose some or all of the original investment, possibly resulting in inadequate cash flow to meet financial obligations. The concept of risk is not a simple concept in finance. You cannot make wise investments without first considering risk. To be successful, every investor must be able to identify and understand the types of risk they face across their entire portfolio. Measuring risk is just as important as measuring returns. In the financial world, risk is often denotative as volatility of returns. Volatility measures how variable outcomes are likely to be. Standard deviation is a general statistical measure of volatility. It measures historical variability of returns from their mean. A higher standard deviation implies more variable and uncertain returns. Measuring risk on a portfolio basis shows how well diversified your investments are, where the largest gains and losses are likely to be conc... ...my is in recession, and on what grounds? What actually constitutes a recession, anyway? When a nations economy enters a recession, is life guaranteed to get harder for most of its citizens? (http//www.howstuffworks.com/r ecession.htm)How do you know when youre taking too much risk? Or not enough? Risk is a natural part of this world, and indeed, risk can introduce great opportunities for those who understand and know how to manage it. Advances in risk management theory have had a tremendous impact on global frugal development. Now we have powerful ways to analyze risks and make stable decisions about the future. We can identify and measure different types of risk, and decide which ones to take and which ones to avoid.